The Europeans left the Tongva alone for more than 200 years after Cabrillo's excursion. When the Spanish returned the Tongva were pressed into slavery by the Catholic missionaries. Eventually the Tongva (which translates as "people of the earth") were renamed San Gabriel Mission indians or Gabrielinos after the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel, where they were forced to work the land and tend cattle and sheep.
According to archeologists, the earliest Tongva utilized funeral pyres (ahtochgnah) to cremate their dead. The bones and ashes called kooseerok, were then scattered to the east. Burial sites were called koonsaga. A deeply spiritual people, the Tongva participated in a Tongva mortuary cemetery. Every one to four years, the tribe would hold a "cry" ceremony lasting for 16 days for the people who died since the last cemetery.
Th eastern portion of Long Beach contains a dozen or more archeological sites, including what is believed to be the ancient sacred Tongva village known as Puvunga, also called Pubuna. It is debated whether or not Puvunga is a burial ground even though human remains and artifacts suggesting burial have been found there.
It is clear that the land is considered to be the birth place of the Tongva lawgiver and god Chungichnish.
Puvunga is on land of California State University Long Beach and Rancho Los Alamitos historical site, which are adjacent to the now covered Bouton Creek, a tributary of the San Gabriel River that flowed into Alamitos Bay.
Puvunga was listed in 1974 in the National Register of Historic Places. A tribal memorial was placed in Purple Heart Park on the grounds of the VA Medical Center, which is also on Rancho Los Alamitos land.
In 1953, CSULB archaeologist Ethel Ewing removed human remains found underneath the Los Altos shopping center. Bones of 21 individuals and evidence of cremation were stored in the Liberal Arts 5 Bldg. for many years. During a renovation of Los Altos shopping mall in 1996, public art was installed, including the pictured representation of the artifacts found in the soil at Puvunga.
While excavating ground to build a new parking structure at CSULB in 1994, more than 1.25 metric tons of shells, bone fragments, bone tools and pottery shards were unearthed, resulting in what archeologists consider to be the best dated find of prehistoric pottery in all of California.
